The Yucatan Peninsula is almost completely composed of porous limestone – picture a hard and holey piece of Swiss cheese made of calcareous rock. More than 65 million years ago, it was completely submerged under the sea as part of a coral reef system. The Chicxulub asteroid impact shifted the underlying tectonic plates and lifted the reef out of the water. Over millions of years, rain and seawater carved its way through the bedrock to create aquifers just metres below the ground. When the ground collapses and creates a sinkhole, as it does quite often in the Yucatan Peninsula, it sometimes exposes these aquifers in the form of natural pools, or cenotes (from the Mayan word ts’ono’ot, which means “hole filled with water”). The region’s unprecedented and singular history gained it Unesco World Heritage tentative listing in 2012.
An ancestral Maya legacy
To enter a cenote is to enter the underworld: Xibalba. According to Maya belief, one must first ask permission and perform rituals to safely enter. Offerings must be made, and many years ago these took the form of gold, jade, copper and or even live humans. These offerings were made to appease gods such as Chaac, the rain god who the Maya believe dwells within cenotes.These days, offerings consist mainly of copal (tree resin), cacao, seeds, corn, flower petals, sugar and other small objects. Tourists can book cultural tours to watch rituals and performances at various cenotes – without fear of being sacrificed, of course.
Exploring cenotes through freediving
Most travellers who visit cenotes will spend the day exploring the caves and going for a swim. Putting on a mask or goggles will allow you to see a variety of small fish, turtles, crocodiles and interesting rock formations just below the surface. But this is just the tip of the iceberg. The deeper you go, the more you see.When freediving, you hold your breath and dive down to a specified depth without the use of an air source. It requires deep concentration as well as awareness of oneself and the environment, and allows you to immerse yourself completely in a cenote in the least disruptive way possible. You’ll find stalagmites and stalactites that date back millions of years, jumbles of fallen trees and debris, fossils of extinct animals, underwater creatures that exist nowhere else on Earth and countless other fascinating features. Travellers can book freediving sessions with the many schools and outfitters in the region.A one-of-a-kind landscapeSunlight filters in through holes in the roofs of cenotes and focuses them into distinct beams, a natural phenomenon found in very few other places. Seeing these light beams inspires an otherworldly sense of awe and wonder. They also make for unique photo opportunities, a trend that is on the rise as more and more people explore the vast underwater landscape of Mexico’s cenotes.
Up close and personal
The interactions between freedivers and marine life in the cenotes are one-of-a-kind experiences. Crocodiles are a vital part of the region’s biodiversity. They can be found in many cenotes, even the ones that tourists frequent. It is important to respect the animals’ space, so keeping a safe distance and not provoking them is of utmost importance. Sometimes, however, their curiosity gets the better of them and they’ll come to have a peek at what the peculiar humans are doing.
