Chihuahua, Chihuahua

The Rich History and Vibrant Culture of Chihuahua, Chihuahua

By Bill and Dorothy Bell

“We have experienced really hot summer weather in Chihuahua, and once when we visited in the winter, the temperature dropped far below zero! Ay Chihuahua, were we freezing.” – Dorothy Bell

Often overlooked by tourists traveling south to winter homes and resorts, Chihuahua, the state capital of Chihuahua, Mexico, is a city of contrasts. Known for its extreme weather, historical significance, and cultural richness, it offers a unique experience for travelers. Whether you’re braving the summer heat or bundling up for the winter chill, Chihuahua promises an adventure steeped in history and vibrant culture.

Name and Location

The name “Chihuahua” has various meanings: in Nahuatl, it means “between two waters” or “place of the holed rock,” while in the Tarahumara language, it translates to “dry and sandy place.” Located at the junction of Highway 16 and 45 in north-central Mexico, Chihuahua sits on the edge of the Chihuahua Desert.

Weather

Chihuahua experiences a semi-arid climate, characterized by mild winters with little precipitation and hot, humid, and rainy summers.

• January Average Highs: 16.6°C (61.9°F) | Lows: 1.9°C (35.4°F)
• July Average Highs: 31.2°C (88.2°F) | Lows: 19.3°C (66.7°F)

Population and Elevation

• Population: 926,000
• Elevation: 1,415 meters (4,636 feet) above sea level

Founded

Chihuahua was founded on October 12, 1709, by Blas Cano de los Ríos and Antonio Deza y Ulloa, Spanish explorers who established the city as El Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar.

Modern Amenities

• Medical: Major medical facilities are available, including hospitals, clinics, and specialized doctors and dentists.
• Money: Numerous banks and ATMs are easily accessible.

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History

Pre-Columbian Era

The area now known as Chihuahua was originally inhabited by various indigenous groups, including the Rarámuri (Tarahumara), Conchos, Tobosos, and Jumanos. These groups lived in diverse environments, ranging from the deserts of northern Chihuahua to the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. One of the most significant pre-Columbian archaeological sites in Chihuahua is Paquimé (Casas Grandes), a major cultural and trade center that connected the cultures of Mesoamerica with those of the American Southwest between 900 and 1340 AD.

Colonial Period

In the 16th century, Spanish explorers, including Francisco de Ibarra, began to explore northern Mexico. The region was challenging to conquer due to the resistance of indigenous groups and the harsh environment. The Spanish established missions to convert indigenous populations to Christianity and set up mining operations to exploit the region’s rich mineral resources, particularly silver. The discovery of silver in areas like Santa Bárbara and Parral spurred further Spanish settlement.

Independence and 19th Century

Chihuahua played a significant role in the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821). One of the war’s key figures, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was captured and executed in Chihuahua in 1811. His execution site, now known as the Government Palace, houses murals depicting the history of Mexico. In 1824, following Mexico’s independence from Spain, Chihuahua became one of the original states of the Mexican Republic. Throughout the 19th century, the region faced numerous conflicts with Apache groups who resisted Mexican and American expansion into their territories.

Mexican Revolution

The state of Chihuahua was a critical battleground during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Pancho Villa, one of the revolution’s most famous leaders, operated extensively in Chihuahua. Villa’s División del Norte was based in the state, and he carried out numerous military campaigns from here. Key battles of the Mexican Revolution were fought in Chihuahua, including the Battle of Ciudad Juárez in 1911, which resulted in a significant victory for revolutionary forces.

Today

In the 20th century, Chihuahua continued to develop its economy, focusing on mining, agriculture, and later, industrialization. The establishment of the maquiladora industry (manufacturing plants) along the U.S.-Mexico border brought significant economic growth. Cities like Ciudad Juárez and the state capital, Chihuahua City, expanded rapidly, becoming important industrial and commercial centers. Efforts have been made to preserve the rich cultural heritage of Chihuahua, including its indigenous traditions, colonial history, and revolutionary legacy. The state is home to numerous museums, historical sites, and cultural festivals.

Key Attractions and Cultural Sites

• Paquimé (Casas Grandes): A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Paquimé offers insights into the pre-Columbian history of the region.
• Copper Canyon (Barranca del Cobre): A stunning natural attraction, larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon, home to the Rarámuri people and offering opportunities for eco-tourism and adventure sports.
• Pancho Villa State Museum: Located in the city of Chihuahua, this museum is dedicated to the life and legacy of the revolutionary leader Pancho Villa.

Getting There

By Air

Chihuahua International Airport (General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport – CUU):

• Flights: The airport offers both domestic and international flights. Major airlines operate regular flights from Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, and other Mexican cities. There are also flights from the United States, particularly from cities like Dallas and Houston.
• Transportation from Airport: Once you arrive at the airport, you can take a taxi, rent a car, or use a shuttle service to get to your destination in Chihuahua City.

By Bus

Long-Distance Buses:

• Bus Companies: Major bus companies such as ADO, Omnibus de México, and Chihuahuenses provide comfortable and reliable service to Chihuahua from various cities in Mexico.
• Bus Terminals: The main bus terminal in Chihuahua is well-equipped and centrally located, making it easy to reach local accommodations and attractions.

By Car

• From Mexico City: The drive to Chihuahua is long (approximately 1,400 kilometers or 870 miles), taking about 14-16 hours. The most common route is via Highway 57 to Saltillo and then Highway 45 north to Chihuahua.
• From Monterrey: The drive is shorter, about 800 kilometers (500 miles), taking around 9-10 hours via Highway 40 to Torreón and then Highway 45 to Chihuahua.
• From the United States: If driving from the U.S., the most common border crossings are at El Paso, Texas, into Ciudad Juárez. From Ciudad Juárez, it is a 4-hour drive (about 370 kilometers or 230 miles) south to Chihuahua City via Highway 45.

By Train

Chepe Express:

• Route: The Chepe Express, also known as El Chepe, is a scenic train that runs between Chihuahua City and Los Mochis, Sinaloa. This journey takes you through the stunning Copper Canyon (Barranca del Cobre) and is considered one of the most beautiful train rides in the world.
• Stations: The train has several stops along the way, including Creel, which offers access to various attractions in the Copper Canyon region.

Conclusion

Often bypassed by tourists heading south to winter resorts, Chihuahua is a city that seamlessly blends its rich history with modern development. From its pre-Columbian roots to its role in the Mexican Revolution and its contemporary economic growth, Chihuahua offers a diverse and enriching experience for travelers. Whether you’re exploring its historical sites, enjoying its natural beauty, or simply soaking in the local culture, Chihuahua is a destination that promises to captivate and inspire.